Last Updated on March 6, 2024 by Ossian Muscad
The Hierarchy of Controls, established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), provides a systematic, layered approach to mitigate workplace hazards. This framework, which is integral to promoting a safe and healthy work environment, consists of five principal components: Elimination, Substitution, Engineering Controls, Administrative Controls, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
This guide aims to delve into each layer of the hierarchy, offering an in-depth understanding of effectively implementing these strategies to minimize potential risks. Understanding and applying the Hierarchy of Controls is crucial for any organization committed to fostering an environment of safety and well-being.
What is the Hierarchy of Controls?
The Hierarchy of Controls is a strategic framework used by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to prioritize the various methods of controlling exposure to occupational hazards. Fundamentally, it is designed to minimize or completely eliminate exposure to such hazards.
Conceptually represented as a pyramid, this system categorizes control measures by their effectiveness. At the apex of the pyramid are the most effective controls, which include strategies like eliminating the hazard or substituting it with something less dangerous.
Progressing down the pyramid, the measures are deemed progressively less effective, culminating with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) at the base. This hierarchical approach dictates the sequence in which injury and illness prevention strategies should be implemented, advocating for the adoption of the most effective solutions where possible before resorting to less effective measures.
Stages of the Hierarchy of Controls
The Hierarchy of Controls is divided into five stages, in order of most to least effective: elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE). Let’s take a look at each one in more detail.
Stage 1: Elimination
The first step is to identify and remove the hazard from the workplace entirely. This can be done by redesigning the processor using different materials that don’t present the same hazard. For example, a company using a toxic chemical in its manufacturing process could look for a less hazardous substitute. Or, if a machine emits loud noise, they might redesign it to make it quieter. Some notable examples of elimination include:
- Substituting a hazardous chemical with a less harmful one
- Automating a process to reduce the need for human exposure
- Redesigning equipment or processes to eliminate hazards
- Removing potential hazards from the workplace altogether, such as asbestos or lead.
- Training employees on safe work practices and procedures
Stage 2: Substitution
If the elimination of hazards isn’t feasible or practical, the next effective step is substitution. This strategy entails replacing the hazardous element with a less risky alternative. For instance, in cases where a company cannot completely eliminate exposure to loud noise, they might opt to substitute headphones with earplugs for noise protection. Similarly, if the removal of a toxic chemical is not an option, they could consider using a less harmful substitute instead to mitigate risks effectively. Notable substitution strategies include:
- Replacing a hazardous chemical with a less toxic one
- Using equipment that produces less noise or vibrations
- Substituting manual handling tasks with automation or mechanization
- Using safer materials in the construction of buildings and structures.
- Replacing dangerous machinery with safer alternatives
Stage 3: Engineering Controls
Engineering controls are designed to remove or isolate hazards from the workplace. For example, a company might install ventilation systems to remove airborne contaminants. Or, they might use guards and barriers to physically separate workers from hazards. Engineering controls are usually considered more effective than administrative controls because they physically prevent exposure to the hazard. Notable examples of engineering controls include:
- Adding an overhead fall protection system to a construction site
- Installing safety guards on machinery to prevent accidental contact
- Using ventilation or filtration systems to remove harmful substances from the air
- Employing ergonomic design principles to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders
- Utilizing sound barriers to reduce noise exposure and protect workers’ hearing
Stage 4: Administrative Controls
Administrative controls constitute strategies aimed at changing how work is performed to reduce risks to workers. These controls do not eliminate hazards but, rather, seek to minimize the exposure to these hazards through alterations in workplace procedures and employee behavior. Examples of administrative controls include:
- Implementing staggered shifts at a plant to decrease worker density on the production line.
- Minimizing workers’ exposure time to a particular hazard.
- Implementing alarms or signage to alert employees
- Utilizing the buddy system for entering confined spaces.
- Rotating workers among different tasks to reduce prolonged exposure to hazards
Stage 5: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is considered the last line of defense in the Hierarchy of Controls. It includes various forms of clothing, devices, and gear designed to protect workers from direct exposure to hazards. Unlike the other strategies that aim to remove or reduce the hazard from the workplace, PPE focuses on protecting the individual by forming a barrier between them and the potential risks. Common examples of PPE include:
- Protective clothing (e.g., gloves, aprons, coveralls)
- Respirators and masks for respiratory protection
- Safety glasses or goggles to protect the eyes
- Earplugs or earmuffs for hearing protection
- Hard hats to prevent head injuries from falling objects
Where Did the Hierarchy of Controls Come From?
For decades, the hierarchy of controls has been around, informing countless workplace safety laws and practices. In fact, the safety concept predates the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) of 1970, the act that created OSHA and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
The hierarchy of controls was first coined during the 1950s by the National Security Council (NSC); the NSC utilized the concept to show companies and businesses that occupational safety hazards can be managed and controlled. It also demonstrates that certain control measures are more effective than others. These early conversations helped shape our knowledge of the OSHA Act, OSHA, and NIOSH today.
Decades after its inception, the hierarchy of controls has remained an essential aspect of workplace safety laws, industry standards, and regulatory guidance.
- The NSC continues to mention the hierarchy of controls in its information articles and essential tools for members.
- OSHA mentions the hierarchy of controls in countless recommended practices, resources, and guides.
- NIOSH acknowledges the hierarchy of controls, stating that it’s an essential means of ensuring worker safety and well-being. They also include it as a ‘National Prevention Through Design’ initiative strategy.
How to Use the Hierarchy Of Controls?
Implementing the Hierarchy of Controls Effectively The hierarchy of controls is a fundamental tool for maintaining safety in the workplace. Its primary aim is to identify and manage hazards before they result in harm. To employ the hierarchy of controls effectively, follow these sequential steps:
- Eliminate the Hazard: The initial crucial step is to thoroughly assess and identify potential hazards within the work environment and promptly remove or eradicate them. When complete elimination is not feasible, it is essential to proceed to the subsequent steps of the hierarchy of controls.
- Substitute with Safer Alternatives: Following hazard elimination, the focus shifts to exploring and incorporating safer alternatives that replace any hazardous operations or materials. This proactive approach ensures a worker-centric environment and enhances overall safety protocols.
- Engineer a Solution: This pivotal phase involves the innovative design and implementation of engineering controls to significantly reduce worker exposure to identified hazards. By creating physical barriers or mechanisms, the risk can be effectively mitigated for a safer work setting.
- Implement Administrative Controls: In cases where engineering controls may not suffice, the establishment of administrative controls becomes imperative. This step necessitates the introduction of comprehensive policies, procedures, and work practices to minimize potential risks further and enhance workplace safety.
- Equip Workers with Protective Equipment: As a final line of defense, providing employees with appropriate personal protective equipment is paramount. This includes specialized gear, devices, and clothing that offer protection against specific workplace hazards, ensuring the well-being of workers.
- Provide Safety Training: In conjunction with the aforementioned control measures, conducting regular and comprehensive safety training sessions is vital. These educational programs should encompass hazard identification, the application of control hierarchies, proper usage of personal protective equipment, and emergency response protocols to empower employees with essential safety knowledge.
- Regular Monitoring and Evaluation: To maintain a culture of safety and continuous improvement, ongoing monitoring and evaluation of implemented safety measures are essential. Regular workplace inspections, hazard assessments, incident reviews, and feedback mechanisms are instrumental in ensuring the effectiveness and relevance of safety protocols.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1: Why is the Elimination of hazards considered the most effective control measure in the hierarchy?
Elimination is considered the most effective control because it entirely removes the hazard from the workplace, thus preventing any potential exposure. By addressing the root cause of the hazard, there’s no residual risk left for employees, making it the most direct and reliable approach to ensuring safety.
Q2: Can Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) be used as the only method of hazard control?
While PPE is crucial, it should not be the sole method of hazard control. According to the hierarchy of controls, PPE is the last line of defense after all other methods (elimination, substitution, engineering controls, and administrative controls) have been considered or implemented. PPE is dependent on proper use and maintenance and does not eliminate the hazard.
Q3: How often should the effectiveness of the implemented controls be evaluated?
The effectiveness of implemented controls should be evaluated regularly, and every time there is a change in the workplace that could affect hazard exposure. This includes changes in process, materials, or equipment. Regular evaluation ensures controls are working as intended and remain effective over time.
Q4: What steps should be taken if a hazard cannot be completely eliminated?
If a hazard cannot be eliminated, the next step in the hierarchy of controls is to try substituting the hazard with something less dangerous. If substitution is not possible, implement engineering controls to reduce exposure. Administrative controls and PPE are considered when exposure cannot be adequately controlled by elimination, substitution, or engineering methods.
Q5: How can organizations ensure compliance with the hierarchy of controls?
Organizations can ensure compliance by conducting regular hazard analyses, staff training on the importance of the hierarchy, implementing the controls as per the hierarchy, and maintaining documentation of all steps taken. Regular audits and updating safety protocols as needed are also vital to ensure ongoing compliance.
Q6: Why is training considered an essential part of implementing the hierarchy of controls?
Training is essential because it informs employees about the hazards present, the control measures in place, and the correct use of PPE. Training ensures that all employees understand their role in maintaining a safe workplace, including how to identify new hazards and the measures they can take to minimize risks. Proper training supports the effective implementation and sustained success of the hierarchy of controls.
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Conclusion
Ensuring workplace safety is an ongoing and multifaceted challenge that demands a proactive and holistic approach. By effectively implementing the hierarchy of controls, organizations can significantly reduce workplace hazards and protect their most valuable asset— their employees.
Training, regular monitoring, and the continuous evaluation of safety measures are indispensable components of a robust safety culture. The collective efforts of employers, managers, and workers in prioritizing and maintaining safety standards are crucial in fostering a safe, healthy, and productive work environment for all.
